Which City Is Nicknamed the Capital of Europe?
When you think of the idea of a “capital of Europe,” one city immediately comes to mind: Brussels. As the decision-making center of the European Union, it is now internationally recognized for its role in European affairs. Yet, another European city—Strasbourg—could also lay claim to this symbolic title.
So, which one is truly the capital of Europe? Let’s dive into the history and present-day role of these two unique cities.
Brussels: Political and Administrative Capital of the European Union
Located in the heart of Belgium, Brussels is much more than just a national capital. Since the 1960s, it has become the main seat of the European institutions, earning it the nickname “capital of Europe.”
Brussels plays a central role in European decision-making. In fact, the city is home to several major institutions of the European Union, including:
- The European Commission, which proposes legislation and ensures it is implemented.
- The Council of the European Union, which brings together ministers from the 27 member states to adopt legislative texts.
- A significant part of the European Parliament, including committees and political groups.
- The Committee of the Regions, the European Economic and Social Committee, the European External Action Service, and numerous technical offices.
It is also where the permanent representations of the member states, diplomatic missions, countless international NGOs, intergovernmental organizations, and over 25,000 lobbyists are based—making it one of the most influential power centers in the Western world.
Around 40,000 European civil servants work in the city every day, fueling a thriving local economy built around the service sector, real estate, and hospitality.
But Brussels is not just about institutions. It is also a culturally rich city, home to over 180 nationalities and where more than 100 languages are spoken. As a bilingual capital (French and Dutch), Brussels perfectly embodies Europe’s linguistic and cultural diversity.
Its historic center, featuring the Grand Place, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, attracts millions of tourists each year. Between art nouveau architecture, museums, chocolate shops, and multicultural markets, the city offers a rich and varied experience.
Brussels is also a major arts hub, with institutions like BOZAR, the Royal Theatre of La Monnaie, and its famous comic strip murals—making it a city that seamlessly blends politics, culture, and creativity.
Strasbourg: Symbolic Capital of Europe and City of Peace
While Brussels holds the leading role in European affairs, Strasbourg, in France, is not far behind. Located on the French-German border, it symbolizes unity, reconciliation, and peace in Europe. It is also officially one of the seats of the European Parliament.
Strasbourg occupies a special place in European history. Over the centuries, the city has changed nationality several times—shifting from France to Germany and back again. This turbulent past has made it a symbol of Franco-German reconciliation at the very heart of the European project.
In 1949, Strasbourg was chosen to host the Council of Europe, the first major European organization, created to promote human rights, democracy, and the rule of law. Today, the city is also home to:
- The European Parliament, where monthly plenary sessions (final votes on EU laws) are held.
- The European Court of Human Rights.
- The European Ombudsman, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, and other international institutions.
Strasbourg is also an architectural jewel listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Its historic center, the Grande Île, houses the majestic Notre-Dame Cathedral, a masterpiece of Gothic art. The city blends French and German influences in its architecture, gastronomy, and traditions.
It is famous for its Christmas market, one of the oldest and most visited in Europe, and for its vibrant student life thanks to one of the largest universities in France.
Crossed by the Rhine River, Strasbourg is also a green city, with an eco-friendly transport network (cycling, trams) and a high quality of life that residents cherish.
Brussels or Strasbourg: Which Is Really the Capital of Europe?
It all depends on how you define a “capital" !
If we are talking about functionality and political power, then Brussels is undeniably the administrative and political capital of the European Union.
If we focus on symbolism, history, and the representation of European values, then Strasbourg fully deserves the title of moral and symbolic capital of Europe.
In reality, the two cities complement each other. Each embodies a different side of Europe: Brussels for the efficiency of its institutions, Strasbourg for its heritage and founding values.
I’ve had the chance to visit both cities, and I warmly recommend them both. The atmosphere during Strasbourg’s Christmas market is truly magical, while Brussels—especially in spring, with its flowers, museums, and lively streets—is absolutely worth the trip!
Lilas, OLS Community Manager — French